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|region5 = |pop5 = 2,620 just in Ghent |ref5 = |region6 = TRNC |pop6 = 2,000 - 10,000 |ref6 = |region7 = |pop7 = 1,000 |ref7 = |region8 = |pop8 = over 300 just in Värö |ref8 = |rels = Sunni Islam and Shia Islam (>75%, 2011 census〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Национален съвет за сътрудничество по етническите и интеграционните въпроси )〕) Irreligion and Christianity |langs = Turkish Bulgarian Romani |related = }} Bulgarian Turks ((ブルガリア語:български турци), ''balgarski turtsi'', (トルコ語:Bulgaristan'daki Türkler)) are a Turkish ethnic group from Bulgaria. As of 2011 there are 588,318 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8% of the population, making them the country's largest ethnic minority. They primarily live in the southern province of Kardzhali and the northeastern provinces of Shumen, Silistra, Razgrad and Targovishte. There is also a diaspora outside Bulgaria, the most significant of which are the Bulgarian Turks in Turkey. Bulgarian Turks are the descendants of Turkic settlers who entered the region after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, as well as Bulgarian converts to Islam who became Turkified during the centuries of Ottoman rule.〔Stein, Jonathan. ''The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe'', p. 238. M.E. Sharpe, 2000. ISBN 0-7656-0528-7〕〔R.J.Crampton. "A concise history of Bulgaria", p. 36. Cambridge University Press, 1997.〕 It has also been suggested that some Turks living today in Bulgaria may be direct ethnic descendants of earlier medieval Pecheneg, Oğuz, and Cuman Turkic tribes.〔Hupchick 2002, pp.11〕〔Nicole 1990, pp.45〕〔Norris, ''Islam in the Balkans'', pp. 146-47.〕 The Turkish community became an ethnic minority when the Principality of Bulgaria was established after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. This community is of Turkish ethnic consciousness and differs from the majority Bulgarian ethnicity and the rest of the Bulgarian nation by its own language, religion, culture, customs, and traditions. DNA research investigating the three largest population groups in Bulgaria: Bulgarians, Turks and Roma confirms with Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis that there are significant differences between the three ethnic groups. The study revealed a high number of population-specific haplotypes, 54 haplotypes among 63 tested Turkish males. ==Summary== Turks settled in the territory of modern Bulgaria during and after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Being the dominant group in the Ottoman Empire for the next five centuries, they played an important part in the economic and cultural life of the land. According to the historian Halil Inalcik, the Ottomans ensured significant Turkish presence in forward urban outposts such as Nikopol, Kyustendil, Silistra, Trikala, Skopje and Vidin and their vicinity. Ottoman Muslims constituted the majority in and around strategic routes primarily in the southern Balkans leading from Thrace towards Macedonia and the Adriatic and again from the Maritsa and Tundzha valleys towards the Danube region.〔Inalcik, Halil., "Osmanlilar", Istanbul 2010, p.85〕 According to Aubaret, the French Consul in Ruse in 1876 in the Danube Vilayet (which included the territory of the post-1878 Bulgarian principality without Eastern Rumelia, and also Northern Dobruja and the Niš region) alone there were 1,120,000 Muslims and 1,233,500 non-Muslims of whom 1,150,000 were Bulgarian. Between 1876 and 1878, through emigration, massacres, epidemics and hunger a large portion of the Turkish population vanished. The flow of Turks to Anatolia continued in a steady pattern depending on the policies of the ruling regimes until 1925 after which immigration was regulated. During the 20th century Bulgaria also practiced forced deportations and expulsions, which also targeted the Muslim Pomak population.〔Suleiman, Yasir, . "Language and identity in the Middle East and North Africa ", Cornwall, Great Britain 1996, pp.102-103〕 The biggest wave of Turkish emigration occurred in 1989, when 310,000 Turks left Bulgaria as a result of the communist Todor Zhivkov regime's assimilation campaign, but around 150,000 returned between 1989 and 1990. That program, which began in 1984, forced all Turks and other Muslims in Bulgaria to adopt Christian names and renounce all Muslim customs. The motivation of the 1984 assimilation campaign was unclear; however, many experts believed that the disproportion between the birth rates of the Turks and the Bulgarians was a major factor.〔Glenn E. Curtis, ed. Bulgaria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1992〕 The official government claim was that the Turks in Bulgaria were really Bulgarians who were Turkified, and that they voluntarily chose to change their Turkish/Muslim names to Bulgarian/Slavic ones.〔Laber, Jery "Destroying ethnic identity: the Turks of Bulgaria", Helsinki Watch 1987 pp.45-47〕 During this period the Bulgarian authorities denied all reports of ethnic repression and that ethnic Turks existed in the country. During the name-changing phase of the campaign, Turkish towns and villages were surrounded by army units. Citizens were issued new identity cards with Bulgarian names. Failure to present a new card meant forfeiture of salary, pension payments, and bank withdrawals. Birth or marriage certificates would be issued only in Bulgarian names. Traditional Turkish costumes were banned; homes were searched and all signs of Turkish identity removed. Mosques were closed or demolished. Turkish names on gravestones were replaced with Bulgarian names. According to estimates, 500 to 1,500 people were killed when they resisted assimilation measures, and thousands of others were sent to labor camps or were forcibly resettled. The fall of communism in Bulgaria led to a reversal of the state's policy towards its citizens of Turkish descent. After the fall of Zhivkov in 1989, the National Assembly of Bulgaria passed laws to restore the cultural rights of the Turkish population. In 1991 a new law gave anyone affected by the name-changing campaign three years to officially restore original names and the names of children born after the name change. In January 1991, Turkish-language lessons were reintroduced as a non-compulsory subject for four hours per week if requested. According to the 2011 census in Bulgaria, there are 588,318 persons from the Turkish ethnic group or 8.8% of all ethnic groups , of whom 564,858 pointed Turkish as their mother tongue.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Население по етническа група и майчин език )〕 Statistic results of the Address Based Population Registration System on the foreign-born population residing in Turkey from 2014 showed that 37.6% of a total of 992,597 foreign-born residents were born in Bulgaria, thus forming the largest foreign-born group in the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21505 )〕 The number of Bulgarian citizens from Turkish descent residing in Turkey is put at 326,000, during the 2005 Bulgarian parliamentary elections 120,000 voted either in Bulgaria or polling stations set up in Turkey. Today, the Turks of Bulgaria are concentrated in two rural areas, in the Northeast (Ludogorie/Deliorman) and the Southeast (the Eastern Rhodopes).〔Troebst, 1994; Bachvarov, 1997〕 They form a majority in the province of Kardzhali (66.2% Turks compared to 30.2% Bulgarians) and a plurality in the province of Razgrad (50.0% Turks compared to 43.0% Bulgarians).〔 Even though they do not constitute the majority of the population in any provincial capital, according to the census 221,522 Turks (38%) live throughout the urban settlements and 366,796 (62%) live throughout the villages. According to this data 31.7% are aged up to 29 years and 3.9% are aged 60 and over. It is important to note, that it is difficult to establish accurately the number of the Turks and that it is likely that the census numbers are an overestimate because some Pomaks, Crimean Tatars, Circassians and Romani tend to identify themselves as Turks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= York Consortium on International and Security Studies )〕 In Bulgaria there are also other Turkish-speaking communities such as the Gajal who could be found particularly in the Deliorman region. According to 2002 data, the poverty rate among Turks is 20.9%, in contrast to a rate of 5.6% among Bulgarians and of 61.8% among Romani Gypsies. In 2011 the share of Turks with university degree reached 4.1%, while 26% have secondary education, the same share was 22.8%/47.6% and 0.3%/6.9% for Bulgarians and Romani respectively. Though the majority of Bulgarians have negative feelings towards Romani, it is estimated that just 15% of Bulgarians have negative feelings against Turks, though it is unclear how much this is against the Bulgarian Turks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bulgarian Turks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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